热情奏鸣曲

"Appassionata" Sonata is a musical work by Beethoven in his mature period as well as one of the greatest work frequently played in concert. In Beethoven's profound, tremendous idea, his strong individuality and subjectivity, his feeling and understanding of the times thoroughly revealed through this magnificent work, thereby it emanates a kind of highly uplifting passion.

《热情奏鸣曲》是贝多芬创作进入成熟时期的作品，也是一首经常在音乐会上演奏的最伟大的作品之一。贝多芬深刻而巨大的乐思里，强烈的个性特点及主观情绪，还有他对那个时代的感触和认识，都通过这部规模宏伟的作品表现出来，从而散发出高度奋发的热情。

Once when his private secretary Hindler asked the content about the 17th Piano Sonata in d minor (Op31) and Sonata in f minor, Beethoven replied: "Please read Shakespeare's The Tempest", and in this way the former is known as The Tempest Sonata, the latter was given a title "Appassionata" by Hamburg music publisher. Even if it is by no means be accepted by Beethoven, it did justice to this magnificent musical work.

有一次，他的私人秘书兴德勒向他问起《d小调第十七钢琴奏鸣曲》（作品31号）和《f小调奏鸣曲》的内容时，贝多芬回答说：“请读莎士比亚的《暴风雨》。”因此，前者被称为《暴风雨奏鸣曲》，后者则由汉堡乐谱出版商克兰茨加上了《热情奏鸣曲》的标题。这个标题并没有得到贝多芬的认可，但对于这部气势磅礴的作品来说，那是相当恰当的。

As a masterpiece among Beethoven's 32 Piano Sonatas, "Appassionata" has been praised for umpteen times. French writer Roman Rolland called it "flaming torrent on the granitic track", "Menbran peak towers above the Alps". Lentz the music critic compared it with "the eruption of a volcano". The well-known Russian critic Ulyobesev called it "volcanic sonata", "a work has the advantage of being both fanatic and noble". Having once listened to the performance of the famous pianist Dobrowan in Moscow, revolutionary master Lenin said excitedly: "it is a wonderful piece, an amazing piece, an otherworldly piece. I really want to listen to it everyday. I'm proud of having it. I would even say innocently, look! There exists such a miracle in the world!"

作为贝多芬32首钢琴奏鸣曲中的杰作，《热情奏鸣曲》获得了无数的赞誉。法国作家罗曼·罗兰称它是“火焰般的急流在花岗石的轨道上”，“孟布兰峰高耸在阿尔卑斯山上”。音乐评论家兰兹把它与“火山爆发”相比。俄罗斯著名音乐评论家乌辽贝舍夫称它为“火山式的奏鸣曲”，“既狂热又崇高的作品”。革命导师列宁有一次在莫斯科听到著名钢琴演奏家多勃罗文演奏的《热情奏鸣曲》后，非常激动地说：“这是绝妙的音乐，了不起的音乐，非人间的音乐，我真想每天都听它。我永远以拥有它而感到自豪，我甚至会天真地说，看！人间能创造出如此的奇迹来啊！”

The well-known Russian writer Turgenev described the scene the heroine was playing "Appassionata" in his novel the unfortunate like this: "I had a feeling of being stunned and chilliness from the first few bars of the presto, enthusiastic Allegro of this sonata. It carried me away with delight for an instant and gave me a feeling of sweet terror. Then beauty pierced into the heart, I kept still all along, I neither wanted nor dared breath."

俄罗斯著名作家屠格涅夫在他的小说《不幸者》中，描写过女主人公演奏《热情奏鸣曲》时的情景：“从这个奏鸣曲急速、热情的快板一开始的几个小节起，我就感觉到那种呆怔，那种寒意，和一瞬间抓住心灵的喜悦，使人感到甜蜜的惊恐。这时美突然浸入了内心，我自始至终纹丝不动，我不想也不敢喘气。”

By the time Beethoven was composing this sonata, he had already finished "Eroica" and was brewing the symphony "Destiny" simultaneously. At that precise moment, Napoleon's crowning shattered his hope for the future and his ear disease was getting worse and worse. The pressure of the times and his individual misfortune threw him into the depth of anguish. Just then he showed heroism, chose dauntless struggle and determined to establish a heroic memorial with musical note. It is just under the direction of this creative thought that he filled this sonata with tenacious fighting spirit and seethed it with encouraging enthusiasm.

贝多芬创作这首奏鸣曲时，已经写完了《英雄交响曲》正在酝酿写作《命运交响曲》。而就在这时候，拿破仑的加冕称帝粉碎了他心中对理想的憧憬，同时耳聋的疾患在逐渐加重。时代的重压与个人的不幸使贝多芬陷入深深的痛苦之中，他恰恰在这时候显出英雄本色，选择了无畏的斗争，决心用音符构筑起一座英雄的纪念碑。正是在这种创作思想的指导下，他的这首奏鸣曲中才会充满激烈顽强的斗争精神，洋溢着令人感奋的热情。

"Appassionata" is divided into three movements, the first of which has two themes: the first one represented the pent-up emotion of the composer and his eagerness for brightness, his strong revolt against the so-called "destiny" and challenge to the society; the second one showed the composer's yearning for happiness, in spite of the fact that after disillusionment, intense furious waves and suffering life wrestled with each other. The Soviet Union had once issued a stamp in memory of Beethoven, on which the themes of the first movement of this sonata was printed. It is introduced in the gloomy bass, the depressed tone fused with tremendous tragedy, but, nonetheless, the composer's drooping brow was soon held up by upgoing notes with which glimmers of hope was brought to people.

《热情奏鸣曲》分为三个乐章。第一乐章有两个主题：第一主题表现了作曲家压抑的情绪和对光明的渴望，对所谓“命运”的强烈反抗，以及对社会提出的质疑。第二主题表现了作曲家对幸福生活的向往，但是理想很快破灭，热情的怒涛和苦难的生活相互搏斗。苏联曾发行过一枚纪念贝多芬的邮票，上边印的就是这首奏鸣曲第一乐章的主题。这个主题从阴沉的低声区奏出，压抑忧郁的音调融入巨大的悲剧色彩，但顷刻之间就由向上挺近的音符支撑起了作曲家低垂的头颅，使人们望到了光明的曙光。

The second movement continues to manifest composer's deep consideration with Andante con moto. In spite of the rough experience, one's heart is still full of energy and bask in the beautiful ideal. It makes use of a simple anthemic theme, the rhythm gets more and more active after three variations, suggested a hero's will is toughen up after contemplation, overcame suffering, uneasiness and disappointment and is ready for the upcoming struggle.

第二乐章用稍快的行板，继续表现作者深刻的思考。在苦难坎坷的生活经历中，人的心灵仍充满活力，陶醉在美妙的理想境界中。这里用了淳朴的赞歌式主题，三个变奏之后，节奏逐渐活跃，暗示英雄的意志通过沉思又坚强了起来，克服了痛苦、不安和失望，准备迎接即将来到的战斗。

The third movement was written in the summer of 1840. As far as Leith the student of Beethoven recalled, his teacher kept humming a tune at the time he took a walk with him one day. Leith asked him about it, Beethoven said: "this is a theme occurred to me on the last Allegro movement of a sonata." Having returned home, Beethoven was so much impatient that he made a rush for the piano to play this fresh new movement, without taking off his hat. He played more than an hour and eventually explained to Leith: "I can't give you a lesson today, I need further work." And in this way the extraordinary third movement of "appassionata" birth.

第三乐章是1840年夏天写的。根据贝多芬的学生利斯回忆，有一天利斯陪同贝多芬散步，在路上他一直在哼着一个调子。利斯问他哼的是什么，贝多芬回答说：“这是我想到的一首奏鸣曲最后快板乐章的主题。”回到家里后，贝多芬连帽子也顾不得摘，就奔向钢琴弹奏起这个崭新的乐章，一直弹了一个多小时。最后他对利斯说：“今天我不能给你上课了，我还需要工作。”《热情奏鸣曲》具有非凡气质的第三乐章就是这样诞生出来的。

The calling bugle swelled from the beginning of the third movement. Just like flood waters broke through a valve, the overwhelming first theme rushed forward with irresistible force. The second theme showed tenacious revolt and struggle and the tough character of a hero. Finally, the boiling music steam merged into a heroic march, encourages people to press forward and ready themselves for brightness and victory with triumphant tone. A passage has been used to summarize the spirit of this movement: "As if an aggressive wave after another was smashing the rock......"

第三乐章从一开始就响起了战斗呼声般的军号声，气势奔腾的第一主题犹如冲破闸门的洪水，一泻千里，势不可挡。第二主题表现出顽强的反抗和挣扎，显示出英雄的坚强性格。最终，沸腾的音流汇合成一支英勇的进行曲，用欢欣鼓舞的音调激励着人们奋勇前进，迎接光明和胜利。有人曾用这样一段话来概括这一乐章的音乐情绪：“犹如一阵阵进攻着的浪潮猛击着山岩......”

One day in 1807, Duke Ricinovsky invited his guest to listen to music and thus sent for his friend Beethoven. Beethoven got there in high spirits with the score of "Appassionata" in his hand. As he entered the living room, he immediately turned down Duke's request when he found the Duke's guest is no other than the French officer Napoleon stationed in Vienna. Feeling himself been humiliated, the Duke screwed up his face and changed asking into demanding. Beethoven was incandescent with rage, he picked up his score and left there in disregard of the heavy rain. Returning home, he smashed the bust Duke gave him as a present before into pieces. The following day Duke received a letter from Beethoven: "Mr. Duke, it is the accidental birth that make your a Duke, but to make myself Beethoven, I am totally on my own. A Duke like you can be found both now and in the future, but Beethoven is the one and only!"

1807年的一天，贝多芬的朋友李希诺夫斯基公爵想请客人们听音乐，就派人去请贝多芬。贝多芬拿着《热情奏鸣曲》的乐谱，兴致勃勃地赶过来。进客厅一看，公爵请来的客人竟然是拿破仑派驻占领维也纳的法国军官，他当即拒绝了公爵的要求。公爵觉得自己丢了面子，就板起面孔，变“邀请”为“命令”。贝多芬愤怒到了极点，他不顾夜里下着滂沱大雨，拿起乐谱就离开了。回到家里，他把公爵以前赠送给自己的一尊胸像摔个粉碎。第二天，公爵接到了贝多芬写来的一封信：“公爵，您所以成为一个公爵，不过是由于偶然的出身罢了；而我所以成为贝多芬，则完全靠我自己。您这样的公爵现在有的是，将来也有的是，而我贝多芬却永远只有一个！”

As yet, the score of "Appassionata" soaked by rain has still been kept in the library of the conservatory of Paris.

那份被雨水淋过的《热情奏鸣曲》的乐谱，至今仍然保存在巴黎音乐学院的图书馆里。

It is inconceivable to Beethoven that years after his death, a bloodthirsty careerist posed himself as a bosom friend of Beethoven. It was October 30th, 1870, the France-Prussian War carried on fiercely, Prussian army had besieged Paris for as long as three months. The King of Prussia William set his base camp in the Palace of Versailles, the French bourgeois head Thiers came as well to negotiate the armistice, and Bismarck the so-called the iron prim minister was called upon on the behalf of Prussia to take up the matter. In the evening, Gretel the former German ambassador in Italy played "Appassionata" on a broken piano for Bismarck. After hearing the last movement, he said "it is the cry of a generation." He also said: "I will never run out of my courage if I often listen to it," because "Beethoven is ideal for my nerve".

贝多芬肯定不会想到，在他逝世多年后，有一位嗜血成性的野心家会自诩为贝多芬的知音。那是1870年10月30日，普法战争打得十分惨烈，普鲁士军队包围了巴黎，已经长达三个多月。普鲁士国王威廉将大本营设在凡尔赛宫，法国资产阶级政府首脑梯也尔前来商谈停战求和条件，普鲁士方面出面的是有“铁血宰相”之称的俾斯麦。这天晚上，曾任德国驻意大利大使的格台尔，在一家破旧不堪的钢琴上为俾斯麦演奏了《热情奏鸣曲》。俾斯麦听完它的最后一个乐章说：“这是整个一代人斗争的嚎哭。”他还曾说过：“要是我能常听这个曲子，我的勇气将不会枯竭”，因为“贝多芬最适合我的神经”。