滑坡Landslides

滑坡是山体沿—稳定的破裂面发生整体下滑现象。据调研（殷跃平，2008），本次地震诱发的滑坡、崩塌、泥石流约15000处，其中滑坡1700处，约占总的新增地质灾害的31%，其数量虽不算最多，但规模特别大，造成的危害十分惨重，是最主要的致灾因子。

北川县王家岩滑坡是北川旧城变为废墟的主要原因，直接掩埋1600人（李晓摄）The Wangjiayan landslide is the main cause that ruined Beichuan old town and buried 1600 people

映秀牛圈沟高速远程滑坡-碎屑流滑坡 A high-speed and long-distance landslide and debris flow landslide at Niujuangou near Yingxiu town

Landslide is the phenomenon that a portion of the mountain rock and soil mass slides down along a fractured surface.According to Yin（2008），the Earthquake in-duced landslides，collapses，and debris flows at about15，000sites.The landslides occurred at 1 700 sites and accounted for 31%of the total secondary geohazards.Although they were only about11%of the total geohazard sites，the landslides had extremely large sizes，caused exremely serious damages and，were the most signifi-cant factor causing the geohazard.

汶川5.12地震滑坡灾害死亡人数表（≥30人）（不完全数据）*

Fatalities（≥30 persons）due to landslides caused by the Earthquake

图1 极重灾区地震前后地质灾害隐患比例（据殷跃平，2008）Fig.1 Statistics of the potential geohazard sites in the epicenter zones before and after the Earthquake

北川县老城王家岩山体滑坡（李晓摄）The Wangjiayan landslide in old Beichuan town

●地震抛射型高速远程滑坡

The high-speed and long-distance landslides triggered by the ground shocking

在本次地震过程中，高速远程滑坡是一种危害最为严重、比较常见的类型。此类滑坡多以高位崩塌为主，受地震动力抛射作用和地形坡降的控制，以高速碎屑流形式，经历了高位崩滑-低空飞行-远程抛洒-气垫冲击等演变过程。比较著名的高速远程滑坡有青川东河口滑坡、平武南坝镇新平村滑坡群、映秀牛圈沟滑坡、北川县城王家岩滑坡等。

During the earthquake，the high-speed and long-distance landslides were the most serious and relatively common type.They were formed from the collapses at high positions and then transformed to high-speed debris flow under the control of kinetic energy from both the ground shocking and altitude reduction.The process of high speed debris flows experienced collapses at high positions，low attitude flying，long-distance scattering and air-cushion impact.Some well-visited landslides of this type are Donghekou landslide in Qingchuan，landslide group at Xinping village of Nanba Town in Pingwu county，Niujuangou landslide in Yingxiu town as well as the Wangiiayan landslide at Beichuan town.

抛射型高速远程滑坡——青川东河口滑坡（宽200～600m，长2500m，面积1.09km2，体积1250万m3，掩埋260人，据许强） The high-speed and long-distance landslide——Donghekou landslide in Qingchuan（200～600 m wide，2500 m long，the area1.09km2and the volume12.5million m3，buried260 people，after Qiang XU）

5.12汶川地震地质灾害

北川县陈家坝乡场镇滑坡，体积约1200万立方米，死亡400人Landslide of12million m3 at Xiangyang village of Chenjiaba town in Beichuan county with 400 fatalities

青川县红光乡东河口滑坡，体积约1250万立方米，因灾死亡260人Landslide with a volume of12.5million m3 at Donghekou of Hongguang town in Qingchuan county with 260 fatalities

5.12汶川地震地质灾害

平武南坝镇新平村滑坡群。该滑坡群由三个高速远程滑坡构成，其外貌呈阶梯状，下部岩性均为黑色页岩，山顶由灰岩构成。地震时，山顶岩体首先发生崩塌，并被抛射出来，撞击山腰岩体并致使其滑坡，形成陡坎，而崩塌体继续飞行，最后降落于坡下的低位处。该滑坡群***导致400多人死亡。

The Xingping village landslide group located at Nanba town of Pingwu county.The landslide group con-sisted three single high-speed and long-distance landslides.The topography had a ladder-shaped profile.The lower part is black shale.The top part is limestone.As the Earthquake happened，the rock mass on the mountain peak first collapsed，then were thrown out，subsequently，hit the rock mass at the middle level and caused hillside slope to slide down and formed a cliff slope.The collapsed rock mass continued flying and eventually landed on the ground in front of the hillside slope.The landslides killed more then400 people.

5.12汶川地震地质灾害

平武南坝镇新平村郑家山滑坡群，总体积约1250万立方米，由三个大型滑坡构成，每个滑坡的基座均为黑色页岩（偶夹煤层），上部为中厚层砂板岩。死亡60余人。

Zhenjiashan landslide group at Xingping village of Nanba town in Pingwu had an approximate volume of12.5million m3.It consisted of th ree major landslides.Their back scarps are made of black shale with coal seams at lower portion and slate of middle to thick layers at the upper portion.About 60 people were killed.

映秀牛圈沟滑坡-碎屑流Landslide-debris flow at Niujuangou near Yingxiu town

远处为滑坡区，瀑布处为高位抛射口，其抛射体经历了多次撞击转向后才在沟口堆积。整个行程约1.5km。死亡20余人。

The upper gully area was the landslide source area.The water-fall was the location for launching of the debris.The flying rock de-bris experienced many impacts and turning points and finally accumu-lated at the mouth of the gully.The debris flied about1.5km away.The number of fatalities is20.

小型滑坡堰塞湖Small landslide dam lake caused bv the landslide

碎屑物飞行、撞击沟谷The debris flied and hit the gully slopes

彭州九峰村7社谢家店滑坡，体积400万立方米，整个村子被埋，死亡100人。

The Xiejiadian landslide is at the7th group of Jiufeng village in Penzhou and has a debris volume of about4million m3.The debris buried the7th group village and killed100 people.

5.12汶川地震地质灾害

●大型崩滑体

Large-scale collapsed and slipped rock mass

汶川地震导致的大型崩滑体十分常见。多数以高位崩塌为起因，在坡鹿堆积后，再由于重力作用而滑移。它们有比较清晰的滑坡地貌，其前沿多突起，可阻断河流形成堰塞湖。

Large scale collapsed and slipped rock mass induced by Wenchuan Earthquake were very common.Most of them began with collapses at high levels and the bro-ken rock mass that accumulated on the hillside slopes slipped down again under the gravity force.They had relatively clear topographical shapes of sliding.Their toe areas always piled up with rock debris.They could block streams and form land-slide dam lakes.

平武县林家坝牛飞村滑坡，38人死亡Niufei village landslide at Linjiaba in Pingwu county with 38 fatalities

安县雎水关北刘家沟滑坡塞体

Accumulated debris of Liujiagou landslide at northem Jushuiguan in Anxian

5.12汶川地震地质灾害

山体顶部开始的滑坡（山剥皮）Landslide originated at the hillside peaks（stripping of hillside vegetations）

去虹口乡公路上多处山体滑坡和崩塌Many landslides and collapses on the highway from Doujiangyan to Hongkou village

北川县陈家坝乡红岩村滑坡，死亡9人Hongyan village landslide at Chenjiaba town of Beichuan county，9 people died

岷江左岸山体西坡（公路对侧）山体滑坡Hillside landslides on the western mountain slopes of Mingjing river（opposite to the highway）

擂鼓镇坪上村河对岸的鸳鸯滑坡Yuanyang landslide at the opposite hillside of Pingshangcun River in Leigu Town

北川县擂鼓镇坪上村土质坡上房屋倒塌及滑坡Landslides and collapsed houses on the hillside soil slope at Pingshang village near Leigu town in Beichuan county

擂鼓镇坪上村农田中的拉裂缝Tensile openings in the farmland slope at Pingshangcun village near Leigu Town

裂缝比较平直但延伸有一定限度The tensile openings were straight but extended in limited range

●堆积体滑坡

Accumulated debris landslide

堆积体滑坡主要产生于早期的崩塌堆积体、坡积体和高阶地堆积层之中。其规模一般不大，但由于多为人口密集区或农牧业区，灾害损失仍旧比较严重。

The accumulated debris landslides mainly took place in old accumulated debris of collapsed mass，slipped soils and terrace depositions.Although their sizes were not large，the damage was relatively serious since they occurred at densely inhabited districts or agricultural and animal hus-bandry areas.

平武县沙湾村南2km堆积体滑坡Accumulated debris landslides，2 km to the south of Shawan village in Pingwu county

青川县沿板岩顶面滑动的堆积体滑坡Accumulated debris landslide on slate bedding surface in Qingchuan county板岩风化破碎体滑坡Landslips in weathered frac-tured slate

5.12汶川地震地质灾害

彭州团山村连盖坪滑坡Liangaiping landslide at Tuanshan village in Pengzhou

大地震后的降雨诱发了松散残坡积中的滑坡Landslips in loose alluvium caused by rainfall after the Earth-quake

平武县沙湾村清明山堆积体滑坡Qingmingshan accumulated debris landslide at Shaowan village in Pingwu county

●滑坡危害

The damage caused by landslide

滑坡的产生除直接摧毁生命和房屋、掩埋农田、破坏交通设施等地面建筑物外，还将导致岩土体变形破坏，进而留下潜在地质隐患。本次汶川地震滑坡，由于其巨大的动力作用，其危害性较之一般的暴雨型滑坡要严重得多，灾区随处可见滑坡灾害的痕迹。毫不夸张地讲，地质灾害造成的危害一点不亚于地震本身。

Landslides not only directly destroy life and house，bury farmlands，damage ground transportation systems and other ground infrastructures，but also cause the deformation and failure of ground soil and rock mass.Consequently，the landslide areas do have potential geologic hazards.Because of the huge kinetic energy of the quaking，the landslides caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake resulted in much more serious damages than those landslides induced by rainfall.The signs of the quake landslide hazards are easily observed everywhere in the epicenter regions.There is no exaggeration to state that the risks caused by geologic hazards are no less than those caused by the Earthquake itself.

山体滑坡阻塞掩埋了道路This road on the hillside above the river was blocked by landslide debris

安县墩秀路右侧太平河上小水电站被毁 This small scale hydro-power station on Taiping（Peace）River at the right side of Dunxiu road in Anxian was destroyed

安县雎水关北刘家沟太平河因滑坡形成堰塞湖并淹没房屋Landslide dam lake formed in Taiping（Peace）River and the lake water submerged houses at Liujiagou near Jushuiguan in Anxian

崩滑灾害摧毁了北川中学Rock avalanche destroyed Beichuan High School

5.12汶川地震地质灾害

北川王家岩滑坡形成的气垫导致前沿房屋粉碎The compressed air flow due to Wangjiayan landslide fractured the buildings in front of the landslide debris in Beichuan Town

粉碎的房屋Fractured buildings